Device update transmission using a bloom filter

ABSTRACT

A system includes a campaign management service to detect a campaign initiation request indicating a number of computerized devices to be updated for a campaign and store data corresponding to the computerized devices to be updated. The campaign management service can generate a bloom filter data structure comprising hash values based on the data for each of the computerized devices to be updated and transmit the bloom filter data structure to a network edge. The system can include the network edge that can use the bloom filter data structure from the campaign management service to determine whether a computerized device is to obtain a device update from the campaign management service. The network edge can retrieve the device update and modify the computerized device by transmitting the device update to the computerized device, which then installs it.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.16/437,344 filed on 11 Jun. 2019 (now allowed), which is herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates generally to systems, devices, and methods forsecurely providing device updates. More particularly, the disclosurerelates to improved systems, devices, and methods for providing deviceupdates to computerized devices that are included in an update campaign,such as the computerized devices in V2X vehicles.

BACKGROUND

As computers have become miniaturized and commoditized, manufacturersare producing more varied devices that include any number of embeddedcomputers and processors. The computer in a computerized device cancontrol the device's operation; collect, store, and share data;communicate with other computers and other computerized devices; andupdate its own software, among other things.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of computerized physicaldevices that have embedded processor(s), electronics, software, data,sensors, actuators, and/or network connectivity, which enable thesedevices to connect and exchange data via digital networks, including theInternet, cellular networks, and other wireless networks. Typically,each “thing” is uniquely identifiable through its embedded computingsystem, and is able to inter-operate within the existing Internetinfrastructure. “Things”, in the IoT sense, can refer to a wide varietyof computerized devices, such as consumer appliances, enterprise devicesused in business and corporate settings, manufacturing machines, farmingequipment, energy-consuming devices in homes and buildings (switches,power outlets, appliances, lighting systems, bulbs, televisions, garagedoor openers, sprinkler systems, security systems, etc.), medical andhealthcare devices, infrastructure management devices, robots, drones,and transportation devices and vehicles, among many others.

In many examples, modern vehicles and transportation machinery (e.g.,automobiles, trucks, aircraft, trains, watercraft, motorcycles,scooters, and the like) contain several embedded processors or embeddedcomputers in their subsystems, and are computer-controlled in at leastsome aspects. Similarly, a growing number of modern transportationinfrastructure devices (e.g., traffic lights, traffic cameras, trafficsensors, bridge monitors, bridge control systems, and the like) containat least one, and often many, embedded processors or embedded computersystems, and are computer-controlled in at least some aspects. Thesecomputer-controlled elements of the transportation network typicallycommunicate with each other, passing various types of information backand forth, and they may react, respond, change their operation, orotherwise depend upon and use the information received/sent from/toother vehicles in Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V; also known as Car-to-Car(C2C)) communications and/or from/to infrastructure elements inVehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I; also known as Car-to-Infrastructure(C2I)) communications for safe, correct, efficient, and reliableoperation. Together, the V2V and V2I systems are commonly referred to asthe V2X system or infrastructure.

The computers in computerized devices operate according to theirsoftware and/or firmware and data. In order to ensure safe and properoperation, the computerized devices must be properly initialized andupdated with the proper software, firmware, executable instructions,digital certificates (e.g., public key certificates), cryptographic keysand the like (hereinafter collectively referred to as “digital assets”or “software”) as intended by the manufacturer, so that the IoT consistsof devices that are executing authorized, known-to-be-good software anddata. Problems arise, however, when unauthorized persons ororganizations (e.g., hackers) replace or change the software incomputerized devices. Problems also arise when older software, untestedsoftware, unapproved software, and/or software with known bugs isinstalled in computerized devices.

Conventional systems can require a significant allocation of hardwareand other resources to process device update requests for “campaigns”that include a large number of devices, such as a campaign to update thesoftware for all of the V2X-capable cars that are of a specific make,model, and year, and/or that have a specific digital asset (e.g., one ofa specific set of certificates), which may amount to tens or hundreds ofthousands of cars. For example, conventional systems processing deviceupdate requests for large campaigns require a large amount of memory,processors, network bandwidth, and the like in order to process all ofthe requests, which include requests from the set of devices that arepart of the campaign (e.g., cars that are of a specific make, model,year, and/or certificate group) interspersed with requests from devicesthat are not part of the campaign (e.g., cars that are part of the V2Xenvironment, but are not of the campaign's specific make, model, year,and/or certificate set). The campaigns, as referred to herein, caninclude device updates for a particular group of computerized devices,wherein the devices updates can include software updates, firmwareupdates, and the like.

Some conventional systems can use linear searches or binary searches todetermine whether or not a computerized device should receive a deviceupdate as part of a campaign—for example, to determine whether arequesting car is in the specific set of make(s), model(s), year(s)and/or certificate(s) included in the campaign. However, linear searchesand binary searches typically require storing a large amount of data andsearching the data typically requires a substantial amount of processingtime and power. Additionally, the amount of time required to completeeach such search grows according to the number of devices (e.g., cars)in the campaign. Therefore, conventional systems can result in asignificant delay or latency when determining whether a computerizeddevice is included in a campaign for device updates, such as a delay offive seconds or more per device/request.

In some embodiments, the present techniques include improved systems,devices, and methods that can verify that a computerized device belongsto a campaign or group or set of computerized devices that are scheduledto receive device updates. In some implementations, the presenttechniques include a system that can reduce the hardware resources andtime used to determine whether a computerized device is included in acampaign and retrieve a device update as part of the campaign.

SUMMARY

Accordingly, the present techniques include improved systems, devices,and methods that can provide updates to computerized devices. In someembodiments, a system for providing updates to computerized devices caninclude a campaign management service including computer-executableinstructions that cause a first processor to perform operationsincluding detecting a campaign initiation request indicating a set ofcomputerized devices to be updated for a campaign. The operations canalso include generating a bloom filter data structure comprising aplurality of hash values, wherein the plurality of hash valuescorresponds to the set of computerized devices to be updated.Additionally, the operations can include providing the bloom filter datastructure to a network edge. Furthermore, the system can include thenetwork edge that includes computer-executable instructions that cause asecond processor to perform operations including determining that acomputerized device is to receive a device update from the campaignmanagement service based on a hash value associated with thecomputerized device matching a hash value among the plurality of hashvalues of the bloom filter data structure. The operations can alsoinclude obtaining the device update associated with the computerizeddevice from the campaign management service in response to the campaignmanagement service confirming that the computerized device is a memberof the campaign. Furthermore, the operations can include providing thedevice update to the computerized device, whereby the device updatemodifies the computerized device.

In an embodiment, the network edge further includes computer-executableinstructions that cause a second processor to perform operationsincluding determining, using the bloom filter data structure, that thecomputerized device does not belong to the campaign; and providing, tothe computerized device and without communicating with the campaignmanagement service, an indication that there is no device update for thecomputerized device.

In an embodiment, the computerized device is an internet of things (IoT)device, a consumer appliance, or a vehicle.

In an embodiment, the device update can include an enrollmentcertificate or a pseudonym certificate.

In an embodiment, the device update can include software or firmware tobe installed on the computerized device.

In an embodiment, the device update can include installation informationor an installation script.

In an embodiment, the campaign management service further includescomputer-executable instructions that cause the first processor toperform operations that include storing data corresponding to thecomputerized devices to be updated.

In an embodiment, the data can include one or more of: a campaign startdate, a campaign end date, a plurality of vehicle identificationnumbers, a plurality of product serial numbers, and a product modelnumber.

In an embodiment, the campaign management service further includescomputer-executable instructions that cause a first processor to performoperations including determining whether the computerized device is inthe campaign by accessing the data.

In an embodiment, the bloom filter data structure is a constant sizeregardless of the number of computerized devices in the set.

In an embodiment, generating the bloom filter data structure can includeadjusting a number of hash functions that generate the hash values forthe bloom filter data structure based on a false positive ratethreshold.

In an embodiment, the system enables the computerized device to poll thenetwork edge for the device update as the bloom filter data structure isgenerated.

In an embodiment, the campaign management service further comprisescomputer-executable instructions that cause a first processor to performoperations including directing the network edge to delete the bloomfilter data structure at an end of the campaign.

In an embodiment, each computerized device in the set of computerizeddevices includes a uniform resource locator for communicating with thenetwork edge.

In an embodiment, a network edge device can include computer-executableinstructions that cause a processor to perform operations includingobtaining, from a campaign management service, a bloom filter datastructure comprising a plurality of hash values. The operations can alsoinclude determining that a computerized device is to receive a deviceupdate from the campaign management service based on a hash valueassociated with the computerized device matching a hash value of thebloom filter data structure. Additionally, the operations can includetransmitting a device update request corresponding to the computerizeddevice to the campaign management service. Furthermore, the operationscan include obtaining the device update associated with the deviceupdate request from the campaign management service after the campaignmanagement service confirms that the computerized device is a member ofthe campaign. In addition, the operations can include providing thedevice update to the computerized device, whereby the computerizeddevice installs the device update.

In an embodiment, a campaign management service can includecomputer-executable instructions that cause a processor to performoperations including detecting a campaign initiation request specifyinga plurality of computerized devices to be updated with a device updatefor a campaign. The operations can also include storing datacorresponding to the plurality of computerized devices to be updated andgenerating a bloom filter data structure comprising a plurality of hashvalues, wherein each hash value is based on the data for each of thecomputerized devices in the plurality of computerized devices.Furthermore, the operations can include providing the bloom filter datastructure to a network edge and receiving a request for the deviceupdate from a computerized device. In addition, the operations caninclude confirming that the computerized device is a member of thecampaign based on the data corresponding to the plurality ofcomputerized devices to be updated. Moreover, the operations can includeproviding the device update associated with the request to the networkedge, the device update to modify electronic data accessed or stored bythe computerized device.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated into and constitute apart of this specification, illustrate examples of numerous features ofthe disclosed subject matter. The accompanying drawings, together withthe description, serve to explain the principles of the varioustechniques described herein.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example operating environment for acomputerized device, network edge, and campaign management service,consistent with example embodiments described herein;

FIG. 2 depicts a block diagram of an example system that can initializea bloom filter data structure using a computerized device, network edge,and campaign management service, consistent with example embodimentsdescribed herein;

FIGS. 3A and 3B are block diagrams of an example operating environmentfor a computerized device, network edge, and campaign management serviceto process requests for device updates, consistent with exampleembodiments described herein;

FIG. 4 is a process flow diagram of an example method for managingcampaign related requests with a network edge, consistent with exampleembodiments described herein;

FIG. 5 is a process flow diagram for an example method that can managecampaign related requests with a campaign management service, consistentwith example embodiments described herein;

FIG. 6 is a data flow diagram illustrating example data flows between acomputerized device, a campaign management service, and a certificatemanagement service, consistent with example embodiments describedherein; and

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of an example of a computing system that canhost systems and methods consistent with example embodiments describedherein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Reference will now be made in detail to various implementations of thetechniques described herein, examples of which are illustrated in theaccompanying drawings. Wherever convenient, the same reference numberswill be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts.

Introduction

A growing number of devices, sensors, and appliances, among others, areincluding additional hardware components such as networking components.The networking components can enable the various devices to communicatewith any number of external devices, servers, and the like. In someexamples, the software and firmware used to operate the devices canbecome outdated or unsecure. Accordingly, the devices can request deviceupdates via the networking components to improve the performance of thedevices and prevent security issues. In some embodiments, the devicesare updated in groups or campaigns. The campaigns can enable amanufacturer or any other suitable entity to provide device updates to aset of devices. In some examples, the devices can periodically poll anexternal server or service to determine whether there are updatesavailable for the devices, (e.g., whether there is an active campaignthat includes the device) and/or determine whether the devices canretrieve device updates.

In various implementations, the device updates can include updates forautomotive components at a time after they are manufactured andinitialized. For example, to ensure safe and proper operation in thefield, embedded devices, for instance, the Electronic Control Units(ECUs) used in vehicles, can be initialized during manufacturing byprovisioning digital assets, such as security assets. Digital assets caninclude various digital certificates, cryptographic keys, a uniqueidentifier, and software. In some examples, a CMS or a certificatemanagement service generates these digital assets and a secureprovisioning system distributes the digital assets to manufacturingfactories.

Generally (but not always) after leaving the factory and being deployedinto service, a device update may be requested by the computerizeddevice to retrieve new or replacement software, firmware, digitalassets, and the like, which enable the computerized device to functioncorrectly or in a revised manner. In some embodiments described,computerized devices can request device updates and the requests can befiltered using a bloom filter data structure, among others. Variousembodiments utilizing the bloom filter data structure provide adetermination regarding whether or not a computerized device is toreceive a device update in an approximately constant amount of time thatis less than the time needed by conventional systems, while utilizing areduced amount of storage compared to conventional systems.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example operating environment for acomputerized device, network edge, and campaign management service thatcan process requests for device updates. In some embodiments, the system100 can be implemented with any suitable computing device, server,external remote service network, and the like. As shown in this example,the system 100 can include a network edge 102, a device managementserver 104, a device 106, a campaign management service 108, internalservices 110, a database 112, a bloom filter device 114, and a messageserver 116, among others.

In some implementations, the network edge 102 can include a devicemanagement server 104 that can implement initialization 118 of acampaign for device updates, and the like. The campaign can specify orinclude any set, group, or number of devices (also referred to herein ascomputerized devices) 106 that are to retrieve device updates, such assoftware updates, firmware updates, or new applications, among others.In some embodiments, the device updates can include installationinformation or an installation script associated with software,firmware, or any combination thereof, to be stored in the device 106.The installation information can indicate directories or locations tostore the device update within the memory of a device 106. Theinstallation scripts can include executable instructions for installingthe device update.

In some embodiments, the device 106 can be an internet of things (IoT)sensor, a consumer appliance, a vehicle, or a device that is part of avehicle (e.g., an OBU or the like), among others. For example, thedevice 106 can include a vehicle, a watercraft (e.g., a boat), anaircraft, a spacecraft, a medical device, a robot, a drone, a wirelessor wired communication module, or an IoT device. In some examples, thedevice 106 can correspond to an RSU of a traffic control device (e.g., atraffic signal, a traffic light, or electronic traffic signage), adigital billboard, a pedestrian warning system, a motorcycle sensor, abicycle sensor, an electronic sign, a street light sensor, or aconstruction warning sensor, among others.

In some examples, the device management server 104 can detect 120 acampaign initiation request (not shown) from a web interface, anexternal server, or a device 106. In some implementations, the devicemanagement server 104 can detect the campaign initiation request from aserver or a device that manages campaigns. The device management server104 can then forward the campaign initiation request to a campaignmanagement service 108, which can belong to internal services 110 thatinclude any number of computing devices such as servers, databases,client devices, and the like. In some embodiments, the internal services110 can detect the campaign initiation request through any suitableinterface that bypasses transmitting campaign related data via thedevice management server 104. The campaign initiation request canindicate a list or set of devices 106 to be updated as part of a deviceupdate campaign. In some examples, the campaign initiation request caninclude a set of device identifiers or a set of identifying informationfor each device, such as a set of serial numbers, a set of productnames, a set of internet protocol (IP) addresses, a set of media accesscontrol (MAC) addresses, or the like, along with a time to begin thedevice updates, a time to end the device updates, and/or optionallyother information specifying the parameters of the campaign.

In some embodiments, the campaign management service 108 can determinethat the campaign is to be initiated. In some examples, initiating thecampaign can include storing 122 campaign data and a status in adatabase 112 of the internal services 110. The campaign data stored inthe database 112 can include the information from the campaigninitiation request such as a set of serial numbers, a set of productnames, a set of internet protocol (IP) addresses, a set of media accesscontrol (MAC) addresses, some other set of device-identifyinginformation, a time to begin the device updates, a time to end thedevice updates, and the like. In some examples, the status of thecampaign stored in the database 112 can indicate if a campaign has begunor if the campaign is inactive until a later time. In some embodiments,the database 112 can store data locally within the campaign managementservice 108 or the database 112 can be an externally located database112 accessed via a network connection (not shown).

In some embodiments, the campaign management service 108 initializes 124a data structure for the campaign prior to processing device updaterequests for the campaign. The data structure can include a bloom filterdata structure, a linked list, a multi-dimensional array, or any otherdata structure that may be used to quickly identify devices 106 and/orrequests 134 that are included in or correspond to the campaign, (e.g.,devices that are in the list or set of device identifiers from thecampaign initiation request). In some examples, the bloom filter datastructure is allocated as a static or constant size structure that doesnot expand or contract based on or according to the number of devices inthe campaign, e.g., as devices are added to the campaign. In someimplementations, the bloom filter data structure can include an array ofhash values corresponding to the computing devices that are included inthe campaign. In some embodiments, each hash value can be generated witha separate hash function. For example, each bloom filter data structurecan be associated with X different hash functions. Each of the Xdifferent hash functions can map or hash identifying information for acomputing device to one position within an array of the bloom filterdata structure. For example, to add a computing device to the bloomfilter data structure, identifying information for the computing deviceis provided to each of the X different hash functions. Each of the Xdifferent hash functions generates an output value corresponding to anarray position. The array of the bloom filter data structure can bemodified to store a one value for each array position that is generatedas output by the X different hash functions. In one example, identifyinginformation for a computerized device can be provided to five hashfunctions, which each generate separate array position values. The bloomfilter data structure can be modified to store a binary value, or anyother suitable value, in each array position mapped to the output of thefive hash functions. Accordingly, five array positions of the bloomfilter data structure can store a 1 value after a computerized device ismapped to the bloom filter data structure.

The number of hash functions that map hash values to the array of thebloom filter data structure can be based on a false positive ratethreshold. For example, reducing the number of hash functions ascompared to the number of entries in the array of the bloom filter datastructure can reduce the false positive rate. By contrast, increasingthe number of hash functions used to map hash values to the array of thebloom filter data structure can increase the false positive rate. Insome examples, the campaign management service 108 can adjust a numberof hash functions that generate the hash values for the bloom filterdata structure based on a false positive rate threshold.

In some embodiments, the campaign management service 108 can transmit126 the bloom filter data structure to a bloom filter device 114 via amessage server 116. For example, the message server 116 can enablesynchronously or asynchronously providing 128 the bloom filter datastructure to the bloom filter device 114. In some examples, the networkedge 102 can begin running or executing a campaign 130 by storing acached copy of the bloom filter data structure in the bloom filterdevice 114 or the device management server 104. Thus, the network edge102 can begin to process device update requests following theinitialization of the bloom filter data structure by storing the bloomfilter data structure within the network edge 102. In some embodiments,if a device 106 requests an update and is a member of a campaign thathas not yet finished initialization of the bloom filter data structure,the network edge 102 will respond that the requesting device 106 has noupdates available or is not part of a campaign, as is discussed ingreater detail below in relation to FIG. 2. Accordingly, a device 106can poll the network edge 102, in some examples, and wait 132 for aresponse indicating whether the device 106 belongs to a campaign,including polling the network edge 102 for a device update as the bloomfilter data structure is generated.

FIG. 1 further illustrates an example of how the system 100 processes adevice update request from a device 106 that is indeed included in thecampaign represented by the bloom filter data structure, which may bereferred to as a true positive. As shown in this example, a device 106can transmit a device update request 134 to the network edge 102 afterthe bloom filter data structure is initialized and the filtering processis running. The network edge 102 can query 136 the bloom filter datastructure (e.g., on the bloom filter device 114) to determine whether ornot the requesting device 106 belongs to a campaign. In someembodiments, querying 136 the bloom filter data structure can includegenerating a hash value using a hash function applied to the deviceidentifier, (i.e., the identifying information), from the device 106.The device identifier or identifying information can be or include a MACaddress, IP address, serial number, and the like. In variousimplementations, a hash value for the identifying information of thedevice 106 matching a hash value stored in the bloom filter datastructure can indicate that the device 106 may belong or probablybelongs to a campaign, where the hash values stored in the bloom filterdata structure were generated from the list of device identifiersincluded in the campaign initiation request. A match in the bloom filterdata structure does not guarantee that the requesting device 106 is partof the campaign because in various implementations the bloom filter mayproduce false positives at a rate of about 10% or less, such as 8%, 6%,5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or less than 1% but greater than 0%. In someembodiments, the network edge 102 can determine 138 if a matching hashvalue for a device 106 is stored in the bloom filter data structure inan approximately constant amount of time, regardless of the number ofhash values (which correspond to devices) in the bloom filter datastructure (which corresponds to a campaign). Accordingly, the bloomfilter data structure provides faster processing time and uses a smalleramount of memory than a conventional system when determining whether adevice 106 belongs to a campaign, and these improvements grow as thenumber of devices in the campaign grow.

In various embodiments as shown in FIG. 1, upon looking up, comparing,or otherwise identifying a match, the bloom filter device 114 canindicate 140 to the device management server 104 that the device 106 isa member of a campaign. The device management server 104 can thentransmit 142 the device update request 134 to the campaign managementservice 108, for example, via a message server 116. In some examples,the message server 116 can forward 144 the device update request 134 tothe campaign management service 108 asynchronously or synchronously.

In various implementations, the campaign management service 108 candetect the device update request 144/134 and query 146 the database 112to look up or otherwise determine whether the device 106 truly belongsto the campaign, which may not be the case if the bloom filter datastructure produced a false positive. In the example illustrated in FIG.1, the database 112 can return 148 campaign data, a status of thecampaign, a list or range of devices (e.g., device identifiers), and/orother information, to the campaign management service 108. The campaignmanagement service 108 can determine 150, in the example shown, that thedevice 106 is a member of the looked-up campaign and that the device 106is to receive or be provided with a device update as part of thecampaign. In some embodiments, the campaign management server 108 canreturn 152 an indication to the device 106 that the device 106 is amember of the campaign via the message server 116, bloom filter device114, and/or device management server 104, or any combination thereof. Insome implementations, the campaign management service 108 returns,transmits, or otherwise provides 154 the device update data to thedevice 106 via the network edge 102. In various implementations, thedevice update data can include digital asset(s), such as software,firmware, and the like, that when executed or otherwise employed, reviseor update the device 106, e.g., by modifying existing functionality,adding new functionality, removing undesirably functionality, and thelike.

Accordingly, FIG. 1 represents a true positive example in which thedevice 106 both matches a hash value stored in the bloom filter datastructure and the device 106 confirmedly belongs to the campaign. Insome embodiments, the system 100 can be implemented with any number ofdevices. For example, the network edge 102 can be implemented with asingle server, the internal services 110 can be implemented with asingle server, and the system 100 may not include a message server 116such that the network edge 102 and the internal services 110 communicatedirectly with each other.

FIG. 2 depicts a block diagram of an example system initializing a bloomfilter data structure. In some embodiments, the system 200 can beimplemented with any suitable number of computing devices such as thenetwork edge 102, the device management server 104, the device 106, andthe campaign management service 108, among others.

In some embodiments, the system can 200 can include a network edge 102that can include a device management server 104 that can detect 202 acampaign initiation request (not shown) from a web interface, anexternal server, or a device 106. In some implementations, the devicemanagement server 104 can detect the campaign initiation request from aserver or a device that manages campaigns. The device management server104 can then forward the campaign request to a campaign managementservice 108, which can belong to internal services 110. In someembodiments, the internal services 110 can detect the campaigninitiation request through any suitable interface that bypassestransmitting campaign related data via the device management server 104.The campaign initiation request can indicate a list of devices to beupdated as part of a device update campaign. In some examples, thecampaign request can include a set of serial numbers, a set of productnames, a set of internet protocol (IP) addresses, a set of media accesscontrol (MAC) addresses, a time to begin the device updates, a time toend the device updates, and the like.

In some embodiments, the campaign management service 108 can determinethat the campaign is to be initiated. In some examples, initiating thecampaign can include storing 204 campaign data and a status in adatabase 112 of the internal services 110. The campaign data stored inthe database 112 can include the information from the campaign requestsuch as a set of serial numbers, a set of product names, a set ofinternet protocol (IP) addresses, a set of media access control (MAC)addresses, a time to begin the device updates, a time to end the deviceupdates, and the like. In some examples, the status of the campaignstored in the database 112 can indicate if a campaign has begun or asubsequent time and date to start the campaign. In some embodiments, thecampaign management service 108 generates 206 a data structure for thecampaign prior to processing device update requests for the campaign.The data structure can include a bloom filter data structure, a linkedlist, a multi-dimensional array, or any other data structure. In someimplementations, the bloom filter data structure can include an array ofhash values corresponding to computing devices to be included in thecampaign. In some embodiments, each hash value can be generated with aseparate hash function.

FIG. 2 further illustrates an example of how the system 200 processes adevice update request that is received from a device 106 before thebloom filter data structure that represents the campaign is ready foruse by the network edge 102. In the example shown, while the bloomfilter data structure is being generated at campaign initiation time,and/or before the bloom filter data structure is retrieved by andinstalled in the network edge 102, the device management server 104 canreceive or detect 208 a device update request 134 from a device 106,which will trigger a determination as to whether the device 106 belongsto a campaign. In the example shown, because the campaign managementservice 108 is in the process of generating 206 the bloom filter datastructure for a campaign when the request 208/134 arrives, the devicemanagement server 104 returns a response 214 indicating that there is noupdate for the device 106, or in other words, indicating that the device106 is not in a campaign.

In this particular example, the device management server 104 cantransmit 210 the request for the device update 208/134 from the device106 to the bloom filter device 114. The bloom filter device 114 candetermine 212 whether or not the device 106 has membership in a campaignby generating a hash value based on identifying information for thedevice 106 (e.g., a serial number, IP address, MAC address, or the like)that is included in the request 208/134. In various examples, the bloomfilter device 114 can compare the hash value for the device 106 to hashvalues of a bloom filter data structure that is stored in the bloomfilter device 114 to try to identify a matching hash value. In theexample of FIG. 2, the bloom filter device 114 cannot perform anycomparison because the bloom filter device 114 does not yet have astored bloom filter data structure for a campaign, as the bloom filterdata structure has not yet been received from the campaign managementservice 108.

For this case in the embodiment shown, the bloom filter device 114returns 214 an exclusion response via the device management server 104indicating that a device 106 is not in a campaign. This may occur eventhough the device 106 belongs to a campaign associated with the bloomfilter data structure that is concurrently being produced, constructed,or generated 206 by the campaign management service 108.

In some implementations, the device 106 may periodically poll thenetwork edge 102 (e.g., send requests) for a device update. For example,the device 106 can transmit a request for a device update to the devicemanagement server 104 based on a predetermined time interval such as anumber of minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, years, and the like. Insuch implementations, one or more of the poll requests 208 may arrive atthe network edge 102 while the bloom filter data structure is beinggenerated. In some embodiments (as shown), the network edge 102 candetermine that the device does not belong to the campaign and return ano-update or exclusion response 214 to the device 106 withoutcommunicating with the campaign management service 108.

As discussed above in relation to FIG. 1, the campaign managementservice 108 can transmit 216 the bloom filter data structure to thenetwork edge 102, e.g., via the message server 116, following generationof the bloom filter data structure. In some examples, the network edge102 can store a cached copy of the bloom filter data structure in thedevice management server 104, or the separate bloom filter device 114.In some embodiments, the network edge 102 can begin to process deviceupdate requests 134 using the bloom filter data structure after theinitialization of the bloom filter data structure and storing of thebloom filter data structure within the network edge 102. In variousimplementations, the device management server 104 can return a deviceupdate 154 to any suitable device 106 that belongs to a campaignassociated with a stored bloom filter data structure followinginitialization of the bloom filter data structure.

FIGS. 3A and 3B are block diagrams of an example operating environmentfor a computerized device, network edge, and campaign management serviceto process requests for device updates. In some embodiments, the system300 can be implemented with any suitable number of computing devicessuch as the network edge 102, the device management server 104, thedevice 106, and the campaign management service 108, among others.

In the example illustrated in FIG. 3A, the bloom filter data structurecan be generated and stored as discussed above in relation to FIGS. 1and 2. For example, any suitable external server, web based interface,computing device, and the like, can initialize 302 a campaign for deviceupdates, and the like via an initialization request 304 transmitted tothe internal services 110. In some embodiments, the campaign managementservice 108 can initiate the campaign by storing 306 campaign data and astatus in a database 112 of the internal services 110. In someimplementations, the campaign management service 108 initializes 308 adata structure, such as a bloom filter data structure, for the campaignprior to beginning the campaign. In some embodiments, the campaignmanagement service 108 can transmit 310 the bloom filter data structureto a bloom filter device 114 via a message server 116.

FIG. 3A first illustrates an example of how the system 100 processes adevice update request from a device 106 that is not included in thecampaign represented by the bloom filter data structure. As shown inthis example, the network edge 102 can begin implementing, running, orexecuting a campaign 312 by storing a copy of the bloom filter datastructure in the bloom filter device 114 or the device management server104. Thereafter, the network edge 102 can process device update requestswith respect to campaign's information because the bloom filter datastructure representing the campaign is stored within the network edge102. In some examples, the system 100 waits 314 until the bloom filterdata structure representing the campaign is stored within the networkedge 102 before processing device requests. In some embodiments, thenetwork edge 102 can support multiple simultaneous campaigns related tovarious device updates for various devices. In some such embodiments,each campaign may be represented by a separate bloom filter datastructure; while in other embodiments, a single bloom filter datastructure that is generated from the data from the multiple campaignsmay be used to represent all of the campaigns in a single datastructure.

In the example shown in FIG. 3A, the device management server 104 canreceive or detect 316 an update request from a device 106, as describedpreviously. The device management server 104 can, in some examples,transmit 318 the request for the device update from the device 106 tothe bloom filter device 114. The bloom filter device 114 can determine320 membership of the device 106 in a campaign by generating a hashvalue based on or using the identifying information for the device 106,which identifying information is included in the request 316. In someexamples, the bloom filter device 114 can compare the hash value for thedevice 106 to hash values in the bloom filter data structure stored inthe bloom filter device 114 to attempt to find or identify a matchinghash value in the bloom filter data structure. A bloom filter does notgenerate false negatives; therefore lack of a matching hash valueindicates that the device 106 is not part of a campaign and/or does nothave update data available. In the example shown, the hashed identifyinginformation for the device 106 is not in the bloom filter datastructure, and so the bloom filter device 114 returns a response 322 viathe device management server 104 indicating that a device 106 is not ina campaign or does not have an update available at the present time.

FIG. 3B further illustrates an example of how the system 100 processes adevice update request 324 from a device 106 that is not truly includedin the campaign, but which appears to be according to the bloom filterdata structure representation, which may be referred to as a falsepositive. As noted previously, in various implementations the bloomfilter data structure may produce false positives at a rate of about 10%or less, such as, for example, at a rate of about 5%. As shown in thisexample, the device management server 104 receives or detects a request324 from a device 106 for an update, which can trigger a determinationas to whether the device 106 belongs to a campaign. In this example, therequest 324 can come from or correspond to a different device 106 thanthe device that issued the request 316 and that is not included in thecampaign from the previous example.

The device management server 104 can, in some examples, transmit 326 therequest for the device update 324 from the device 106 to the bloomfilter device 114. The bloom filter device 114 can determine 328membership of the requesting device 106 in a campaign by generating ahash value based on request's identifying information for the device 106and finding in the bloom filter data structure a hash value that is thesame as the generated hash value. Upon finding the same hash value inthe bloom filter data structure, the bloom filter device 114 returns 330a response to the device management server 104 indicating that thedevice 106 is probably in a campaign (because a hash value identified inthe bloom filter data structure matched the generated hash valuecorresponding to the device 106).

In some implementations, the device management server 104 can transmit332 a request for a device update for the device 106 to the campaignmanagement service 108 via the message server 116. In some examples, thecampaign management service 108 can query 334 the database 112 to lookup or otherwise determine whether the device is a member of a campaign,which may not be the case if the bloom filter data structure produced afalse positive. After the database 112 returns 336 data and statusinformation for a campaign to the campaign management service 108, inthis particular example, the campaign management service 108 determines338 that the requesting device 106 does not belong to the campaign. Insome examples, the campaign management service 108 can return 340 aresponse indicating that the device 106 does not belong to a campaignvia the message server 116, bloom filter device 114, and/or devicemanagement server 104, or any combination thereof.

In this example from FIG. 3B, the network edge 102 has generated a falsepositive indicating that the device 106 is part of a campaign and willreceive a device update, even though the device 106 was not actuallypart of the campaign. This happens when the hash value generated fromthe identifying information of the requesting device 106 happens tomatch the hash value of a different device that is actually part of thecampaign represented by the bloom filter data structure. As discussedabove, this false positive error is eventually detected when thecampaign management service 108 accesses data and status information fora campaign to verify that the requesting device 106 actually is a memberof a campaign. Nonetheless, because various embodiments of the bloomfilter device 114 do not ever return false-negative membership responsesto a device 106 that is not part of a campaign, the overall performanceof the bloom filter device 114 reduces the latency experienced byrequesting devices 106 and reduces end-to-end resource usage andprocessing time by significantly reducing a number of device updaterequests (especially the number of non-campaign-member requests)transmitted to and processed by the campaign management service 108.

FIG. 4 is a process flow diagram for an example method that can managecampaign related requests with a network edge. In some embodiments, themethod 400 can be implemented with any suitable number of computingdevices, such as the network edge 102, the device management server 104,the bloom filter device 114, the network edge 602, the campaign service608, or any combination thereof.

As shown this example, at block 402, a network edge can detect a requestto initiate a campaign for device updates. In some embodiments, anysuitable server, web based interface, device, or computerized device caninitiate a campaign by providing a list or set of computerized devicesthat are in or that belong to the campaign, along with data such as thecampaign start date and campaign end date, where the computerizeddevices in the list or set are each identified by a unique identifier,such as a vehicle identification number, a product serial number, aproduct model number, or the like. In some embodiments, a uniformresource locator for the network edge is stored in protected memory ofeach computerized device (e.g., computerized device 106) requesting adevice update. The uniform resource locator can enable the computerizeddevices to securely contact a predetermined authorized network edge.

At block 404, the network edge can transmit the request to a campaignmanagement service (e.g., campaign management service 108). In someembodiments, the network edge can transmit the request via a messengerdevice or service (e.g., message service 116) to a campaign managementservice. The messenger device can support asynchronous or synchronouscommunications. For example, the messenger device can store any numberof requests and transmit the requests to the campaign management serviceat a later time. In some embodiments, the messenger device can transmitrequests for any number of campaigns from one or more network edges toone or more campaign management services.

At block 406, the network edge can receive, retrieve, obtain, orotherwise access a bloom filter data structure corresponding to therequested campaign from the campaign management service. For example,following the processing of the request to initialize a campaign by thecampaign management service, the network edge can receive or retrievethe bloom filter data structure generated by the campaign managementservice. In some embodiments, the bloom filter data structure can bestored within the network edge in a device management server thatcommunicates with computerized devices. In some examples, the bloomfilter data structure can be stored within the network edge in aseparate device (e.g., bloom filter device 114) that is accessible tothe device management server.

During operation, the device management server can receive or detectrequests from computerized devices attempting to determine whetherdevice updates for a campaign are available for the requesting devices.The device management server can query the bloom filter data structurestored locally or in a separate bloom filter device to determine eitherthat the computerized device is not a member of the campaign or that thecomputerized device may be a member of the campaign, subject to apossible, low-probability, false positive.

At block 408, the network edge can determine that a computerized deviceprobably has a device update available from the campaign managementservice based on a hash value associated with the computerized devicematching a hash value stored in the bloom filter data structure, wherethe stored hash value was identified by querying the bloom filter datastructure as mentioned above. On the other hand, when the requestingcomputerized device is not part of a campaign/does not have any updatesavailable for it, then the network edge can return a negative responseto the computerized device. This occurs when the hash value associatedwith the computerized device does not match any of the hash valuesstored in the bloom filter data structure.

In some embodiments, the network edge can generate any number of hashvalues from identifying information for a computerized device andcompare the hash values to values stored in the bloom filter datastructure. For example, a bloom filter data structure may store five ormore hash values based on output from the identifying information of acomputerized device applied to five or more separate hash functions. Insome embodiments, any number of hash functions can be used to generatethe hash values stored in the bloom filter data structure.

At block 410, the network edge can transmit a device update requestcorresponding to the computerized device to the campaign managementservice. In some embodiments, the network edge can forward a deviceupdate request to the campaign management service in response todetecting one or more hash values corresponding to the identifyinginformation for a requesting device that matches a hash value in thebloom filter data structure. In some examples, transmitting the deviceupdate request to the campaign management service can enable verifyingthat the computerized device belongs to a campaign, as opposed to beinga false positive.

At block 412, the network edge can receive, retrieve or otherwise obtainthe device update associated with the requesting computerized devicefrom the campaign management service, in the case where the campaignmanagement service has verified, confirmed, or determined that thecomputerized device is indeed a member of the campaign. In someembodiments, the campaign management service can verify that acomputerized device is a member of the campaign based on stored datacorresponding to the campaign. For example, the data can include a listof identifying information for computerized devices that can retrievedevice updates as part of the campaign, (i.e., a list of identifierscorresponding to the computerized devices that are included in thecampaign); and the campaign management service may determine that therequesting device is on the list. In some embodiments, the network edgecan received or retrieve the device update from the campaign managementservice directly or via a messenger device, or from any other suitablecomputing device.

At block 414, the network edge can update, revise, provision or modifythe computerized device by transmitting the device update, which camefrom the campaign management service, to the computerized device. Insome embodiments, the device update can modify software, firmware, andthe like, stored within the computerized device. The network edge cantransmit or otherwise supply the device update to the computerizeddevice, and the computerized device may automatically install the deviceupdate when it is received. In some examples, the device update canmodify the computerized device by installing new applications, modifyingexisting applications, updating firmware drivers that control hardwarecomponents, and the like.

The process flow diagram of FIG. 4 is not intended to indicate that theoperations of the method 400 are to be executed in any particular order,or that operations cannot be executed concurrently, or that all of theoperations of the method 400 are to be included in every case.Additionally, the method 400 can include any suitable number ofadditional operations. For example, the method 400 can also include thecomputerized device and the campaign management service exchangingmutual transport layer security certificates prior to retrieving adevice update. In some embodiments, the network edge may not detect arequest to initialize a campaign and transmit the request to a campaignmanagement service. For example, an external server, web basedinterface, and the like, may initialize a campaign by transmitting datafor the campaign directly to the campaign management service withoutaccessing the network edge.

FIG. 5 is a process flow diagram for an example method that can managecampaign related requests with a campaign management service. In someembodiments, the method 500 can be implemented with any suitable numberof computing devices, such as the campaign management service 108, thedatabase 112, internal services 110, the campaign service 608, or anycombination thereof.

At block 502, the campaign management service can receive or detect acampaign initiation request indicating a number of computerized devicesto be updated for a campaign. In some embodiments, the campaignmanagement service can detect the campaign initiation request from anetwork edge or from a messenger device that provides asynchronous orsynchronous messages from the network edge. In some embodiments, thecampaign management service can detect the campaign initiation requestdirectly from a web based interface, a device that manages campaigns,and the like. As discussed above, the campaign initiation request caninclude identifying information for each device that is supposed toreceive a device update as part of a campaign, a start date or time forthe campaign, and an end date or time for the campaign, and the like.

At block 504, the campaign management service can store datacorresponding to the computerized devices to be updated. In someembodiments, the campaign management service can store the datacorresponding to the computerized devices to be updated locally or in anexternal database. In some implementations, the campaign managementservice can analyze, search, or query the data to determine whether acomputerized device belongs to a campaign. For example, if the campaignmanagement service later detects a request for a device update from acomputerized device having a unique identifier, the campaign managementservice can analyze, search, or query the data to determine whether thatdevice, (e.g., whether that unique identifier), is included in thecampaign, such that a device update is to be provided to thatcomputerized device.

At block 506, the campaign management service can generate a bloomfilter data structure that represents the computerized devices that areincluded in the campaign and thus are to be provided with the campaign'sdevice update(s). In various implementations, the bloom filter datastructure includes multiple hash values, where the hash values aregenerated from the unique identifiers (or other identifying information)for each of the computerized devices that are part of the campaign. Insome examples, the bloom filter data structure can include a hash valuebased on the data or identifying information for each of thecomputerized devices to be updated.

In some embodiments, the bloom filter data structure can include anynumber of hash values based on the identifying information for eachcomputerized device to be updated. For example, the bloom filter datastructure can include an array, linked list, vector, and the like, whichcan store any number of hash values. In some embodiments, theidentifying information for each computerized device is applied to anynumber of hash functions and each hash function generates an output bitor series of bits stored in the bloom filter data structure. In someembodiments, the campaign management service can generate the bloomfilter data structure based on a union operation applied to a pluralityof groups of computerized devices to be included in the campaign.

At block 508, the campaign management service can transmit or otherwiseprovide the bloom filter data structure to a network edge, e.g., afterinitialization of the bloom filter data structure. In some embodiments,the campaign management service can transmit the bloom filter datastructure to the network edge via an asynchronous messenger device(e.g., the message server 116). For example, the asynchronous messengerdevice can receive the bloom filter data structure and then delaytransmitting the bloom filter data structure to the network edge until alater time or date, which can improve communications via networkinterfaces with have high latency and/or low bandwidth limitations.

At block 510, the campaign management service can receive a request fora device update from a computerized device. In some embodiments, thecampaign management service can receive requests for device updates onlyafter the network edge has determined that the computerized devicecorresponding to the request probably (except for false positives)belongs to a campaign based on the bloom filter data structure that thecampaign management service provided to the network edge at block 508.In some such embodiments, the network edge forwards requests for deviceupdates to the campaign management service only when a hash valuegenerated or derived from the identifying information for the requestingcomputerized devices matches a hash value stored in the bloom filterdata structure. As discussed above, when a hash value generated orderived from the identifying information for the requesting computerizeddevices does not match any hash value stored in the bloom filter datastructure, then the network edge does not contact the campaignmanagement service, and instead provides an accurate “no update”response to the computerized device that request a device update, but isnot included in a campaign.

At block 512, the campaign management service can confirm, verify, orotherwise determine that the computerized device is a member of thecampaign. In some embodiments, the campaign management service cancompare the identifying information of the computerized device that hasrequested a device update to data stored for a campaign (e.g., locallyor in a database) to determine whether the campaign data indicates thatthe computerized device is part of the campaign. In variousimplementations, the identifying information of the computerized deviceis included in the request. As a more specific example, the campaignmanagement service can search for the unique identifier of thecomputerized device, such as the device's serial number, in a list ofunique identifiers (e.g., serial numbers) that is part of the campaigndata, where the list of unique identifiers in the campaign data includesall of the devices that are part of the campaign.

At block 514, the campaign management service can transmit the deviceupdate associated with a device update request (and with the campaign)to the network edge, after determining that the computerized device isindeed a member of the campaign. In some examples, the device update canbe code, instructions, binaries, or the like that add to, replace,and/or modify firmware, software, or any combination thereof stored onthe computerized device.

If, at block 512, the campaign management service does not confirm,verify, or otherwise determine that the computerized device is a memberof the campaign, then the campaign management service does not performthe operation of block 514. In various implementations, the campaignmanagement service may determine that the computerized device is not amember of the campaign because the computerized device (e.g., theidentifying information of the computerized device) is not listed,identified, or otherwise represented in the campaign data.

In some implementations, if, at block 512, the campaign managementservice does not confirm, verify, or otherwise determine that thecomputerized device is a member of the campaign, then the campaignmanagement service, at block 516, transmits or otherwise provides orindicates to the network edge a message or the like indicating that therequesting device is not part of the campaign and/or that there are noupdates for the requesting device.

The process flow diagram of FIG. 5 is not intended to indicate that theoperations of the method 500 are to be executed in any particular order,or that operations cannot be executed concurrently, or that all of theoperations of the method 500 are to be included in every case.Additionally, the method 500 can include any suitable number ofadditional operations. For example, the campaign management service candirect the network edge to delete the bloom filter data structure whenthe campaign has ended (e.g., when the end date for the campaignoccurs), for example, by sending a message to the network edge to flusha cache or memory device storing the bloom filter data structure, wherethe message may be triggered in response to the end of the campaign.

FIG. 6 depicts an example operating environment 600 where a network edge602 interacts with a certificate management service 604, which is anexample of one type of service for providing digital assets. In someimplementations, the certificate management service 604 may be a V2Xcertificate management service. In additional or alternativeimplementations, the certificate management service 604 may be a C2Xcertificate management service and may be implemented as a server(s),one or more virtual machines on one more computing devices, or the like.As shown, the network edge 602 can submit a request for device updates,such as certificates, and the like, for one or more computerized devices606 to the certificate management service 604 via a campaign service 608and a network 610, such as the internet. In some embodiments, the deviceupdates can enable execution of applications on the computerized devices606 in a secure environment. For example, the device updates can includecertificates that enable computerized devices 606 to securely transmitcommunications with additional computerized devices in a runtimeenvironment.

In certain implementations, the computerized devices 606 correspond toone or more of a vehicle, a watercraft (e.g., a boat), an aircraft, aspacecraft, a medical device, a robot, a drone, a wireless or wiredcommunication module, and an IoT device. For example, the computerizeddevices 606 can correspond to an OBU or an ECU of a vehicle, awatercraft, an aircraft, a spacecraft, a robot, a drone, a medicaldevice, or an IoT device. Also, for example, the computerized devices606 can correspond to an RSU of a traffic control device (e.g., atraffic signal, a traffic light, or electronic traffic signage), adigital billboard, a pedestrian warning system, a motorcycle sensor, abicycle sensor, an electronic sign, a street light sensor, or aconstruction warning sensor, among others.

In some embodiments, the network edge 602 can use a bloom filter datastructure, as discussed above, to determine if computerized devices 606are to receive device updates from the certificate management service604. In some examples, the device updates can include enrollmentcertificates, pseudonym certificates, firmware, software, and the like.The enrollment certificates can include any suitable digital certificatethat enables provisioning a computerized device 606 with device updatessuch as software updates, firmware updates, or any combination thereof.The pseudonym certificates can include a separate digital certificatethat enables the computerized devices 606 to securely exchange data orcommunications during a runtime environment. In some implementations,the network edge 602 can transmit a response to the computerized devices606 that are not included in a device update campaign. For example, hashvalues based on the identifying information of the computerized devices606 may not match hash values stored in a bloom filter data structureassociated with the device update campaign. In some examples, thenetwork edge 602 can determine that one or more of the computerizeddevices 606 are included in the device update campaign. The network edge602 can transmit a request for the device updates via the campaignservice 608 to the registration authority 612, the enrollmentcertificate authority 614, the pseudonym certificate authority 616, orany combination thereof.

In the operating environment 600, the request for device updates orcertificates is received by the campaign service 608 from the networkedge 602 via any suitable interface. For example, the campaign service608 can implement an API based on a client representational statetransfer (REST) protocol, or a simple object access protocol (SOAP),among others. As shown in FIG. 6, the campaign service 608 can implementa public or private API, and the certificate management service 604 canbe a V2X or C2X certificate management service. The certificatemanagement service 604 accepts the request for device updates, completesthe task within a timeframe, and then returns the results (e.g., thegenerated device updates or certificates) to the network edge 602 viathe campaign service 608 and the network 610. In some implementations,the timeframe can be a number of minutes, hours, or days, depending onthe processing capacity of the certificate management service 604, amongother things.

The certificate management service 604 includes components forgenerating the requested device updates. In the example of FIG. 6, thesecomponents include a registration authority 612, an enrollmentcertificate authority 614, a pseudonym certificate authority 616, alinkage authority 1 618, and a linkage authority 2 620.

In additional or alternative implementations, the components of thecertificate management service 604 may vary depending on whether thecertificate management service 604 is configured as a V2X or C2Xcertificate management service. For example, in cases where thecertificate management service 604 functions as a C2X certificatemanagement service, the certificate management service 604 can include aLong Term Certificate Authority (LTCA) configured to fulfill a rolesimilar to that of the enrollment certificate authority 614. Similarly,when the certificate management service 604 is embodied as a C2Xcertificate management service, the certificate management service 604can include an Authorization Authority (AA) that fulfills a role similarto that of the pseudonym certificate authority 616. The components ofthe certificate management service 604 are described in the followingparagraphs.

In an example, the certificate management service 604 can be embodied asa CMS. Various implementations of the certificate management service 604may be used for extremely high volume device transaction and certificategeneration processing. In various implementations, the certificatemanagement service 604 may be implemented using multiple servers,multiple hardware security modules (HSMs), multiple compute or computingengines, and multiple application platforms. In an exampleimplementation, the application platforms may each include one or morevirtual machines (VMs) for hosting the registration authority 612, theenrollment certificate authority 614, the pseudonym certificateauthority 616, and the linkage authorities 618 and 620. In additional oralternative implementations, the application platforms may each includeone or more hardware platforms, such as, for example, applicationservers, computers, or other computer hardware capable of hosting andexecuting a software application. In the example of FIG. 6, theapplication platform for the enrollment certificate authority 614 may beone or more VMs that run an application for the enrollment certificateauthority 614, the application platform for a pseudonym certificateauthority 616 may be one or more VMs operable to host and run anapplication for the pseudonym certificate authority 616. Similarly, theapplication platform for a linkage authority 1 618 may be one or moreVMs configured to host and run a linkage authority 1 application, andthe application platform for a linkage authority 2 620 may be one ormore VMs operable to host and run a linkage authority 2 application.Non-limiting examples of the certificate management service 604 may beimplemented in a private data center, a cloud data center such as, forinstance, Amazon web services (AWS) from Amazon, or in a hybrid ofprivate and cloud data centers.

In some implementations, the certificate management service 604 mayprovide device updates including security certificates, such asenrollment certificates and pseudonym certificates, to be used by adistributor appliance or network edge 602 of a manufacturer. In certainimplementations, the certificate management service 604 may interactwith a digital asset management system (DAMS, not shown) in order toprovide certificates to a distributor appliance (not shown).

As illustrated in FIG. 6, the architecture of the certificate managementservice 604 includes a registration authority 612, the enrollmentcertificate authority 614, the pseudonym certificate authority 616, thelinkage authority 1 618, and the linkage authority 2 620. Each of thesecomponents may utilize respective, dedicated compute engines (not shown)to perform tasks. For example, the registration authority 612 canutilize a registration authority compute engine, the enrollmentcertificate authority 614 can utilize an enrollment certificateauthority compute engine, the pseudonym certificate authority 616 canutilize a pseudonym certificate authority compute engine, the linkageauthority 1 618 can utilize a linkage authority 1 compute engine, andthe linkage authority 2 620 can utilize linkage authority 2 computeengine. The functionalities of each of these components are described inthe following paragraphs.

In some embodiments, the architecture of the certificate managementservice 604 advantageously separates the non-security-relatedapplications from the security functions. As shown in the example ofFIG. 6, the registration authority 612, the enrollment certificateauthority 614, the pseudonym certificate authority 616, and the linkageauthorities 618, 620 are implemented as applications on their own VMs,which execute on their own dedicated compute engines, all of which areseparate from any non-security-related applications and functions. Thisprovides both a technical and security advantage and improvement overconventional systems, in which the performance of the HSMs is slow or inwhich the cloud service provider cannot supply HSMs or in which theirproper management of the HSMs is uncertain. In the certificatemanagement service 604, the cryptographic operations that utilize an HSMare performed in a compute engine (e.g., one or more of computeengines).

By separating the critical security functions from each other and ontoseparate compute engines, as shown in FIG. 6, the computation-intensivecrypto and security functions (e.g., an elliptic curve butterflyexpansion computation or an elliptic curve digital signature), forinstance, as performed by the registration authority 612, the enrollmentcertificate authority 614, the pseudonym certificate authority 616, andthe linkage authorities 618, 620, are performed significantly fasterthan existing conventional registration authority systems. This design,in conjunction with the campaign service 608 described below, enablessignificant improvements in transaction processing in a multi-clientenvironment by preventing any technical performance issues related tothe network 610 from interfering or delaying the provisioning of thecomputerized devices 606 with digital assets retrieved from thecertificate management system 604. For example, the campaign service 608can determine which computerized devices 606 belong to a device updatecampaign and transmit requests for the device updates. Accordingly, thecampaign service 608 can determine if a computerized device 606 belongsto a device update campaign and, if so, provide the retrieved deviceupdates, such as enrollment certificates and pseudonym certificates, tothe computerized devices 606 during the provisioning process or at alater time. In some examples, the campaign service 608 can avoidbandwidth issues, network connectivity issues, and the like, whileprovisioning computerized devices 606. For example, the campaign service608 can prevent a large number of computerized devices 606 from queryingthe registration authority 612 for device updates. The campaign service608 can also process requests for device updates quickly with less datastorage by storing hash values in a bloom filter data structure, whereinthe hash values can be based on identifying information from thecomputerized devices 606 that belong to a campaign. Furthermore, thecampaign service 608 can, in some examples, retrieve the enrollmentcertificates and the pseudonym certificates synchronously orasynchronously from the CMS 604 and synchronously or asynchronouslyprovide the enrollment certificates and the pseudonym certificates tothe computerized devices 606. In some examples, the asynchronousretrieval and distribution of the enrollment certificates and pseudonymcertificates can further reduce the time of the provisioning process foreach computerized device. As such, implementations consistent with thepresent disclosure provide a particular, technically advantageous systemarchitecture to determine the computerized devices 606 that are toretrieve device updates as part of a campaign and retrieve the deviceupdates, such as digital assets, from the certificate management system604.

In some embodiments, if the scale of the registration authorityapplication executed by the registration authority 612 is to bemodified, additional VMs can be added while no change may be required inthe secure compute capability of the registration authority computeengine(s). Alternatively, if the security computations are limitingperformance, additional secure registration authority compute enginescan be added. This same multi-dimensional scaling is true for the othercomponents of the certificate management service 604. These capabilitiesprovides significant performance improvements and scalability overexisting conventional Certificate management services (CMS). In someimplementations, the respective application platforms for theregistration authority 612, the enrollment certificate authority 614,the pseudonym certificate authority 616, and the linkage authorities618, 620 are communicatively connected to compute engines via respectivesets of input message queues so that these components of the certificatemanagement service 604 can all scale independently from each other.

As noted above and shown in the non-limiting example of FIG. 6, each ofthe registration authority 612, the certificate authorities 614, 616,and the linkage authorities 618, 620 may be implemented as applicationson their own virtual machines (VMs). In additional or alternativeimplementations, one or more of the registration authority 612, thecertificate authorities 614, 616, and the linkage authorities 618, 620can execute on hardware platforms (e.g., servers or compute engines).The roles and functionalities of each of these applications executing onapplication platforms (e.g., VMs or hardware platforms) are described inthe following paragraphs.

In various implementations, the registration authority 612 can be theauthority in a provisioning network that verifies user requests for adigital certificate, or other type of digital security asset, and enablea certificate authority, (e.g., the enrollment certificate authority 614and the pseudonym certificate authority 616) to issue the digitalcertificate. In various implementations, the registration authority 612can implement any suitable public key infrastructure (PKI) techniques.In various implementations, the campaign service 608 can passcertificate requests to the registration authority 612, which can beimplemented as a representational state transfer (REST) web service, ora SOAP based service, among others. In various implementations, theremay be multiple instances of the registration authority 612 executing atthe same time. This is similarly represented for the other components ofthe certificate management service 604 shown in FIG. 6. The registrationauthority functionality of the certificate management service 604 isnon-centralized in that its functionality can be carried out by multipleinstances of the registration authority 612 implemented as a REST webservice. One role for the registration authority 612 is to grant andfulfill certificate provisioning requests while preventing the signingpseudonym certificate authority 616 from determining which certificatesare to be stored in a particular computerized device. The registrationauthority 612 can interact directly with the pseudonym certificateauthority 616, and the linkage authorities 618, 620 via message queuesin order to fulfill their roles within the certificate managementservice 604.

In certain implementations, the registration authority 612 (and theother components of FIG. 6) may be connected to a database (not shown).The certificate management service 604 may utilize a collection of datastores or databases for data storage and retrieval. For example, thedatabase used may consist of one or more database logical or physicalunits, each with one or more tables enabling data separation whererequired. As used herein, the term “database” refers to one or moredatabases or data stores. In certain implementations, the use ofmultiple databases can allow for data separation between theregistration authority 612 other components of FIG. 6. For example, suchuse of multiple databases allows for data separation between theregistration authority 612, the certificate authorities 614, 616, andthe linkage authorities 618, 620.

In some embodiments, the database(s) used by the certificate managementservice 604 is a collection of one or more fast access, low-latencydatabases. In some implementations, the database(s) may be a NoSQLdatabase or database service, such as, for example, the DynamoDB dataservice offered by Amazon web services. In various implementations, thedata stored in the database is application dependent, but may includepast issued certificates, various linkage authority values, data ondevices to whom certificates have been issued, operator actions, etc. Insome examples, the data can be stored either unencrypted, encrypted, orsome combination thereof.

In various implementations, the certificate management service 604includes an enrollment certificate authority 614 and a pseudonymcertificate authority 616, as the digital certificates produced by theregistration authority 612 are split into different segments—e.g., anenrollment digital certificate and pseudonym digital certificates. Theenrollment certificate authority 614 is a non-central component of thecertificate management service 604 as there may be multiple instances ofthe enrollment certificate authority 614 executing at the same time. Forinstance, in some implementations, there may be may be multipleinstances of the enrollment certificate authority 614 executingsimultaneously. The enrollment certificate authority 614 can receiverequests for enrollment certificates from the registration authority612. One role of the enrollment certificate authority 614 is to fulfillrequests from the registration authority 612 to issue enrollmentcertificates to end-devices, such as, for example, a distributorappliance. In some embodiments, the enrollment certificate authority 614interacts directly with the registration authority 612 in order tofulfill its role within the CMS 604.

The pseudonym certificate authority 616 is a non-central component ofthe CMS in that there may be multiple instances of the pseudonymcertificate authority 616 executing simultaneously. For the pseudonymcertificate authority 616, in various implementations, there may bemultiple instances of the pseudonym certificate authority 616 executingin parallel at the same time. The pseudonym certificate authority 616may receive requests for pseudonym certificates from the registrationauthority 612. A role of the pseudonym certificate authority 616 is tofulfill requests from the registration authority 612 to issue pseudonymcertificates to end-devices, such as, for example, a computerized device606. In certain implementations, the pseudonym certificate authority 616fulfills requests for short-term pseudonym certificates for V2Vfunctionality. In some embodiments, the pseudonym certificate authority616 interacts directly with the registration authority 612 in order tofulfill its functions within the CMS 604.

In various implementations, the linkage authorities 618, 620 shown inFIG. 6 link the identity of the certificate requestor (i.e., a uniqueidentifier of the certificate requestor's device), to an issuedpseudonym certificate for revocation purposes. That is, the linkageauthority 1 618 and linkage authority 2 620 provide respective linkagevalues as unique identifiers of the certificate requestor's device tothe issued pseudonym certificate. The linkage authority 1 618 andlinkage authority 2 620 can receive requests for linkage values from theregistration authority 612, and then provide the requested linkagevalues to the registration authority 612. The linkage authorities 618,620 interact directly with the registration authority 612 in order tofulfill requests for linkage values.

In various implementations, the compute engines of the CSM 604 caninclude HSMs, which allow these components to perform securecomputations without being unduly threatened from hackers. In someimplementations, the compute engines may be designed to perform securecomputations themselves without requiring an embedded HSM—in suchimplementations, they embody the HSM.

In various implementations, different HSM versions may be used in theCMS 604. For example, the HSMs may include embedded HSMs installed asplug-in cards within one or more of the compute engines. In such exampleimplementations, the embedded HSMs may be installed in one or more ofthe compute engines as Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) HSMs orPCI Express (PCIe) HSMs. Also, for instance, the HSMs in the certificatemanagement service 604 may include external, network-attached ornetwork-connected HSMs that are separate from compute engines in theirown enclosures.

One of ordinary skill will recognize that the components andimplementation details shown in FIG. 6 are examples presented forconciseness and clarity of explanation. Other components, processes,implementation details, and variations may be used without departingfrom the principles of the techniques described herein, as this exampleis not intended to be limiting and many variations are possible.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of an example of a computing environment 700,which includes a computing system 702 that may be used for implementingsystems and methods consistent with implementations of the presenttechniques. Other components and/or arrangements may also be used. Insome implementations, computing system 702 may be used to implement, atleast partially, various components of FIGS. 1-6, such as the networkedge 102, the campaign management service 108, the network edge 602, orthe campaign service 608, among other things. In some implementations, aseries of computing systems similar to computing system 700 may be eachcustomized with specialized hardware and/or programmed as a specializedserver to implement one of the components of FIGS. 1-6, which maycommunicate with each other via a network 704.

In the example shown in FIG. 7, the computing system 700 includes anumber of components, such as a central processing unit (CPU) 706, amemory 708, an input/output (I/O) device(s) 710, a hardware securitymodule (HSM) 712, and a nonvolatile storage device 714. System 700 canbe implemented in various ways. For example, an implementation as anintegrated platform (such as a server, workstation, personal computer,laptop, etc.) may comprise a CPU 706, a memory 708, a nonvolatilestorage 714, and I/O devices 710. In such a configuration, thecomponents 706, 708, 714, and 710 may connect and communicate through alocal data bus and may access a data repository 716 (implemented, forexample, as a separate database system) via an external I/O connection.The I/O component(s) 710 may connect to external devices through adirect communication link (e.g., a hardwired or local Wi-Fi connection),through a network, such as a local area network (LAN) or a wide areanetwork (WAN, such as a cellular telephone network or the Internet),and/or through other suitable connections. System 700 may be standaloneor it may be a subsystem of a larger system.

The CPU 706 may be one or more known processor or processing devices,such as a microprocessor from the Core™ family manufactured by theIntel™ Corporation of Santa Clara, Calif. or a microprocessor from theAthlon™ family manufactured by the AMD™ Corporation of Sunnyvale, Calf.The memory 708 may be one or more fast storage devices configured tostore instructions and information executed or used by the CPU 706 toperform certain functions, methods, and processes related toimplementations of the present techniques. The storage 714 may be avolatile or non-volatile, magnetic, semiconductor, tape, optical, orother type of storage device or computer-readable medium, includingdevices such as CDs and DVDs and solid state devices, meant forlong-term storage.

In the illustrated implementation, the memory 708 contains one or moreprograms or applications 718 loaded from the storage 714 or from aremote system (not shown) that, when executed by the CPU 706, performvarious operations, procedures, processes, or methods consistent withthe present techniques. Alternatively, the CPU 706 may execute one ormore programs located remotely from the system 700. For example, thesystem 700 may access one or more remote programs via the network 704that, when executed, perform functions and processes related toimplementations of the present techniques.

In one implementation, the memory 708 may include a program(s) 718 forperforming the specialized functions and operations described herein forthe network edge 102, and/or the campaign management server 108. In someimplementations, the memory 708 may also include other programs orapplications that implement other methods and processes that provideancillary functionality to the present techniques. In some examples, thememory 708 can include any suitable non-transitory computer-readablemedia. For example, the non-transitory computer-readable media caninclude computer-executable instructions that direct the CPU 706 toexecute instructions according to techniques described herein.

The memory 708 may be also be configured with other programs (not shown)unrelated to the present techniques and/or an operating system (notshown) that performs several functions well known in the art whenexecuted by the CPU 706. By way of example, the operating system may beMicrosoft Windows™, Unix™, Linux™ an Apple Computers™ operating system,or other operating system. The choice of operating system, and even theuse of an operating system, is not critical to the present techniques.

The HSM 712 may be a device with its own processor that securelygenerates and stores digital security assets and/or securely performs avariety of cryptographic and sensitive computations. The HSM 712protects digital security assets, such as cryptographic keys, and othersensitive data from possible access by an attacker. In someimplementations, the HSM may be a plug-in card or board that attachesdirectly to the computing system 700.

The I/O device(s) 710 may comprise one or more input/output devices thatallow data to be received and/or transmitted by the system 700. Forexample, the I/O device 710 may include one or more input devices, suchas a keyboard, touch screen, mouse, and the like, that enable data to beinput from a user. Further, the I/O device 710 may include one or moreoutput devices, such as a display screen, a CRT monitor, an LCD monitor,a plasma display, a printer, speaker devices, and the like, that enabledata to be output or presented to a user. The I/O device 710 may alsoinclude one or more digital and/or analog communication input/outputdevices that allow the computing system 700 to communicate, for example,digitally, with other machines and devices. Other configurations and/ornumbers of input and/or output devices may be incorporated in the I/Odevice 710.

In the implementation shown, the system 700 is connected to a network704 (such as the Internet, a private network, a virtual private network,a cellular network or other network or combination of these), which mayin turn be connected to various systems and computing machines, such asservers, personal computers, laptop computers, client devices, etc. Ingeneral, the system 700 may input data from external machines anddevices and output data to external machines and devices via the network704.

In the example implementation shown in FIG. 7, the data repository ordata source 716 is a standalone database external to system 700. Inother implementations, the data source 716 may be hosted by the system700. In various implementations, the data source 716 may manage andstore data used to implement systems and methods consistent with thepresent techniques. For example, the data source 716 can manage andstore data structures that include the identifying information or datafor each computerized device of a campaign, and the like. The datasource 716 can also manage and store the bloom filter data structurethat includes hash values based on the identifying information appliedto any number of hash functions.

In some embodiments, the data source 716 may comprise one or moredatabases that store information and are accessed and/or managed throughthe system 700. By way of example, the database 716 may be an Oracle™database, a Sybase™ database, or other relational database. Systems andmethods consistent with the present techniques, however, are not limitedto separate data structures or databases, or even to the use of adatabase or data structure.

One of ordinary skill will recognize that the components andimplementation details of the system in FIG. 7 are examples presentedfor conciseness and clarity of explanation. Other components andimplementation details may be used.

Although the foregoing examples use specific examples of computerizeddevices, such a OBUs, ECUs, and RSUs, for clarity of explanation, thepresent techniques are not limited to those specific examples. Variousimplementations consistent with the present techniques may be used withand for a wide variety of computerized devices, such as medical device(e.g., dialysis machines, infusion pumps, etc.); robots; drones;autonomous vehicles; and wireless communication modules (e.g., embeddedUniversal Integrated Circuit Cards (eUICC)), among others.

Other implementations of the present techniques will be apparent tothose skilled in the art from consideration of the specification andpractice of the techniques disclosed herein. Various modifications ofthe illustrative embodiments, as well as other embodiments of thesubject matter that are apparent to persons skilled in the art to whichthe disclosed subject matter pertains, are deemed to lie within thescope of the disclosed subject matter.

What is claimed is:
 1. A system for providing updates to computerizeddevices, the system comprising: a campaign management service comprisingcomputer-executable instructions that cause a first processor to performoperations comprising: detecting a campaign initiation requestindicating a set of computerized devices to be updated for a campaign;generating a bloom filter data structure comprising a plurality of hashvalues, the plurality of hash values corresponding to the set ofcomputerized devices to be updated, wherein a number of hash functionsare used to generate the plurality of hash values for the bloom filterdata structure; and providing the bloom filter data structure, generatedbased on the number of hash functions, from the campaign managementservice to a network edge; the network edge comprisingcomputer-executable instructions that cause a second processor toperform operations comprising: determining that a computerized device isto receive a device update from the campaign management service based ona hash value associated with the computerized device matching a hashvalue among the plurality of hash values of the bloom filter datastructure; obtaining the device update associated with the computerizeddevice from the campaign management service in response to the campaignmanagement service confirming that the computerized device is a memberof the campaign, wherein the device update comprises a digital assetcomprising one or more of: software, firmware, or a digital certificate,wherein the digital asset modifies operation of the computerized device;and providing the device update to the computerized device, whereby thedevice update modifies the computerized device.
 2. The system of claim1, wherein the network edge further comprises computer-executableinstructions that cause the second processor to perform operationscomprising: determining, using the bloom filter data structure, that thecomputerized device does not belong to the campaign; and providing, tothe computerized device and without communicating with the campaignmanagement service, an indication that there is no device update for thecomputerized device.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the computerizeddevice is an internet of things (IoT) device, a consumer appliance, or avehicle.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the device update comprisesan enrollment certificate or a pseudonym certificate.
 5. The system ofclaim 1, wherein the device update further comprises installationinformation or an installation script.
 6. The system of claim 1, whereinthe campaign management service further comprises computer-executableinstructions that cause a first processor to perform operationscomprising: storing data corresponding to the computerized devices to beupdated.
 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the data comprises one ormore of: a campaign start date, a campaign end date, a plurality ofvehicle identification numbers, a plurality of product serial numbers,and a product model number.
 8. The system of claim 6, wherein thecampaign management service further comprises computer-executableinstructions that cause a first processor to perform operationscomprising: determining whether the computerized device is in thecampaign by accessing the data.
 9. The system of claim 1, wherein thebloom filter data structure is a constant size regardless of the numberof computerized devices in the set.
 10. The system of claim 1, whereinthe system enables the computerized device to poll the network edge forthe device update as the bloom filter data structure is generated. 11.The system of claim 1, wherein the campaign management service furthercomprises computer-executable instructions that cause a first processorto perform operations comprising: directing the network edge to deletethe bloom filter data structure at an end of the campaign.
 12. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein each computerized device in the set ofcomputerized devices includes a uniform resource locator forcommunicating with the network edge.
 13. A network edge devicecomprising computer-executable instructions that cause a processor toperform operations comprising: obtaining, from a campaign managementservice, a bloom filter data structure comprising a plurality of hashvalues, wherein a number of hash functions generate the plurality ofhash values for the bloom filter data structure; determining that acomputerized device is to receive a device update from the campaignmanagement service based on a hash value associated with thecomputerized device matching a hash value of the bloom filter datastructure; transmitting a device update request corresponding to thecomputerized device to the campaign management service; obtaining thedevice update associated with the device update request from thecampaign management service after the campaign management serviceconfirms that the computerized device is a member of the campaign,wherein the device update comprises a digital asset comprising one ormore of: software, firmware, or a digital certificate, wherein thedigital asset modifies operation of the computerized device; andproviding the device update to the computerized device, whereby thecomputerized device installs the device update.
 14. The network edge ofclaim 13, wherein the operations further comprise: determining, usingthe bloom filter data structure, that the computerized device does notbelong to the campaign; and providing, to the computerized device andwithout communicating with the campaign management service, anindication that there is no device update for the computerized device.15. The network edge of claim 13, wherein the device update comprises anenrollment certificate or a pseudonym certificate.
 16. A campaignmanagement service comprising computer-executable instructions thatcause a processor to perform operations comprising: detecting a campaigninitiation request specifying a plurality of computerized devices to beupdated with a device update for a campaign; storing data correspondingto the plurality of computerized devices to be updated; generating abloom filter data structure comprising a plurality of hash values,wherein each hash value is based on the data for each of thecomputerized devices in the plurality of computerized devices, wherein anumber of hash functions generate the plurality of hash values for thebloom filter data structure; providing the bloom filter data structure,generated based on the number of hash functions, from the campaignmanagement service to a network edge; receiving a request for the deviceupdate from a computerized device; confirming that the computerizeddevice is a member of the campaign based on the data corresponding tothe plurality of computerized devices to be updated; and providing thedevice update associated with the request to the network edge, thedevice update to modify electronic data accessed or stored by thecomputerized device, wherein the device update comprises a digital assetcomprising one or more of: software, firmware, or a digital certificate,wherein the digital asset modifies operation of the computerized device.17. The campaign management service of claim 16, wherein the deviceupdate comprises an enrollment certificate or a pseudonym certificate.18. The campaign management service of claim 16, wherein thecomputer-executable instructions further cause the processor to performoperations comprising: determining, using the bloom filter datastructure, that the computerized device does not belong to the campaign;and providing, to the computerized device and without communicating withthe campaign management service, an indication that there is no deviceupdate for the computerized device.
 19. The campaign management serviceof claim 16, wherein the computer-executable instructions further causethe processor to perform operations comprising storing datacorresponding to the computerized devices to be updated.
 20. Thecampaign management service of claim 19, wherein the data comprises oneor more of: a campaign start date, a campaign end date, a plurality ofvehicle identification numbers, a plurality of product serial numbers,and a product model number.